NAVLE Gastrointestinal and Digestive

Feline Periodontal Disease, Gingivitis, and Tooth Abscesses – NAVLE Study Guide

November 14, 2026 25 min read
Periodontal disease is the most common oral disease in cats, affecting approximately 70% of cats by age 2 years.

Overview and Clinical Importance

Periodontal disease is the most common oral disease in cats, affecting approximately 70% of cats by age 2 years. This study guide covers periodontal disease progression, feline chronic gingivostomatitis, and tooth root abscesses–all critical topics for the NAVLE examination and essential knowledge for feline practice.

These conditions represent a significant source of chronic pain in cats, though cats are masters at hiding discomfort. Early recognition and appropriate treatment can dramatically improve quality of life and prevent systemic complications including bacteremia and potential effects on the heart, liver, and kidneys.

Stage Clinical Findings Probing Depth (Cats) Radiographic Findings
Stage 0 Healthy periodontium; no gingivitis or calculus; pink gingiva 0-0.5 mm (normal) Alveolar margin within 1 mm of CEJ; intact lamina dura
Stage 1 (Gingivitis) Findings: • Red, swollen gingiva • Plaque and calculus present • Bleeding on probing • NO attachment loss (reversible) 0.5 mm Normal bone height and architecture
Stage 2 (Early Periodontitis) Findings: • Attachment loss less than 25% • Stage 1 furcation involvement possible • Gingival recession may be present • Moderate inflammation Greater than 0.5 mm to 1 mm Early bone loss; CEJ to alveolar margin distance less than 25% of root length
Stage 3 (Moderate Periodontitis) Findings: • Attachment loss 25-50% • Stage 2 furcation involvement • Significant gingival recession • Tooth mobility possible 1-2 mm Moderate bone loss; 25-50% of root length affected
Stage 4 (Advanced Periodontitis) Findings: • Attachment loss greater than 50% • Stage 3 furcation exposure • Severe gingival recession • Stage 2-3 tooth mobility • Tooth loss imminent Greater than 2 mm Severe bone loss; greater than 50% of root length; possible pathologic fracture risk

Anatomy and Physiology Review

The Periodontium

The periodontium consists of four supporting structures: gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. These tissues work together to secure teeth in the jaw and provide a protective barrier against bacterial invasion.

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