Primate Parasites: Internal and External – NAVLE Study Guide

Overview and Clinical Importance

Parasitic infections in non-human primates (NHPs) represent a significant health concern in captive and wild populations, with important zoonotic implications for animal handlers and veterinarians. Both internal parasites (helminths and protozoa) and external parasites (ectoparasites) can cause substantial morbidity and mortality in primate populations. Understanding these parasites is essential for the NAVLE examination, particularly regarding diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.

Internal Parasites: Helminths

Nematodes (Roundworms)

Strongyloides fulleborni (Threadworm): Prevalence of 44.8% in some African NHP populations. Causes diarrhea, weight loss, and in severe cases, disseminated strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised animals. Diagnosis via larvae in feces using Baermann technique or fecal flotation. Transmitted through skin penetration or ingestion of contaminated food/water.

Trichuris spp. (Whipworm): Most predominant helminth in captive primates (63.5% prevalence reported). Adult worms reside in cecum and colon. Clinical signs include mucoid diarrhea, anemia, and rectal prolapse in heavy infections. Eggs are barrel-shaped with bipolar plugs on fecal flotation.