Primate Viral Hepatitis A and B Study Guide

Overview and Clinical Importance

Viral hepatitis in non-human primates (NHPs) represents a significant zoonotic disease and research model challenge. Both hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) can naturally infect various primate species, making this topic crucial for veterinarians working with captive primates, zoo animals, and laboratory animals. Understanding these infections is essential for both animal health management and public health protection of personnel in contact with non-human primates.

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) in Primates

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Virus Classification: HAV is a 27-nm, non-enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, genus Hepatovirus. The virus has similar characteristics to enteroviruses and is highly stable in the environment.

Transmission Route: HAV is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route. Contaminated food, water, and direct contact with infected individuals are common sources. Peak viral shedding in feces (up to 10^9 virions per gram) occurs before the onset of clinical signs, making infection control challenging.