Equine Central Nervous System Trauma – NAVLE Study Guide

Overview and Clinical Importance

Central nervous system (CNS) trauma in horses encompasses injuries to the brain and spinal cord and represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in young horses. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord trauma are common sequelae of accidents during halter training, trailer loading, falls during exercise, and kicks from other horses. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of CNS trauma is essential for the NAVLE, as prompt recognition and treatment can significantly improve outcomes.

The prognosis for horses with CNS trauma has historically been considered poor; however, recent studies demonstrate that with appropriate medical management, approximately 62% of horses with traumatic brain injury survive to hospital discharge. Key prognostic factors include the presence of basilar skull fractures and duration of recumbency, making early and accurate assessment critical for clinical decision-making.

Relevant Anatomy

Equine Skull Anatomy

The equine skull consists of 34 bones that form a complex protective structure around the brain. The calvarium (brain box) is composed of six bones that directly encase the brain. Understanding skull anatomy is crucial because approximately three-quarters of the skull protects the nasal passages and oral structures, with a relatively small area dedicated to brain protection.