Camelidae and Cervidae Hyperkeratosis – NAVLE Study Guide

Overview and Clinical Importance

Hyperkeratosis refers to the abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis. In both camelids (llamas, alpacas) and cervids (deer, elk, moose), hyperkeratotic conditions represent significant dermatological challenges with diverse etiologies including nutritional deficiencies, parasitic infestations, infectious agents, and congenital disorders.

Hyperkeratotic lesions in these species are typically characterized by alopecia, thickened skin, adherent crusts, and scaling. The pathophysiology varies by etiology but generally involves either increased keratinocyte proliferation, decreased desquamation, or both.

Part I: Hyperkeratotic Conditions in Camelidae

New World Camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicunas, guanacos) have unique skin characteristics that predispose them to specific dermatological conditions. Camelids are particularly susceptible to zinc deficiency and idiopathic hyperkeratotic syndromes.