Cervidae and Camelidae Chronic Wasting Disease Study Guide

Overview and Clinical Importance

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal, progressive neurodegenerative prion disease affecting members of the family Cervidae (deer, elk, moose, reindeer, and caribou). First identified in captive mule deer in Colorado in 1967, CWD has since spread to 36 US states, 5 Canadian provinces, South Korea, Norway, Finland, and Sweden. Unlike other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), CWD is unique in affecting free-ranging wildlife and demonstrating efficient horizontal transmission through environmental contamination.

CWD represents a significant topic on the NAVLE and BCSE examinations due to its zoonotic potential concerns, regulatory importance, diagnostic challenges, and wildlife management implications. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management strategies is essential for veterinary practice.

Important Note on Camelidae: While CWD naturally affects cervids, camelids (llamas and alpacas) share grazing environments with cervids in some regions. Current evidence indicates that CWD does NOT naturally affect camelids, and no natural cases have been documented. However, camelids may be exposed to environmental prion contamination in CWD-endemic areas, making this a relevant differential consideration.