Equine Neonatal Septicemia Study Guide

Overview and Clinical Importance

Neonatal septicemia is defined as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in response to bacterial infection in foals typically less than 14 days of age. It represents the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in equine neonates, accounting for nearly one-third of all foal deaths. Sepsis is the second most commonly diagnosed problem in equine neonates, superseded only by failure of passive transfer (FPT) of maternal antibodies.

Survival rates for septic foals have improved significantly over the past 30 years, from approximately 25% to 50-70% with intensive care treatment. However, early recognition and aggressive intervention remain critical for successful outcomes. Understanding the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and treatment principles is essential for the NAVLE examination.

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Common Bacterial Pathogens

Gram-negative bacteria remain the most common isolates (60-70%) from septic neonatal foals. Escherichia coli is the most frequently isolated organism, followed by Actinobacillus species.