NAVLE Hemic and lymphic

Canine Leukemia Study Guide

Leukemia is a malignant neoplasm of hematopoietic cells arising in the bone marrow (or occasionally the spleen), characterized by an abnormal proliferation of white blood cells.

Overview and Clinical Importance

Leukemia is a malignant neoplasm of hematopoietic cells arising in the bone marrow (or occasionally the spleen), characterized by an abnormal proliferation of white blood cells. In dogs, leukemia represents an important but relatively uncommon category of hematologic malignancy. Understanding the classification, diagnosis, and management of canine leukemia is essential for the NAVLE.

Leukemia is classified by two key characteristics: the stage of cell maturation (acute versus chronic) and the cell lineage (lymphoid versus myeloid). This creates four main categories: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).

High-YieldThe most important distinction on the NAVLE is acute vs. chronic: Acute = immature cells (blasts) = BAD prognosis. Chronic = mature cells = BETTER prognosis. Remember: "If the cells are big (blasts), it's bad."
Type Cell Morphology Prognosis Median Survival
ALL Large lymphoblasts, prominent nucleoli Poor 55-120 days
CLL Small mature lymphocytes Good to Fair 1-3 years
AML Myeloblasts, may have granules Very Poor 19 days (range 1-121)
CML Mature granulocytes Variable (rare) Months to years

Classification of Canine Leukemia

Leukemia classification is critical because it determines treatment approach and prognosis. The classification system uses two main axes:

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