Canine Esophageal Foreign Body Study Guide

Overview and Clinical Importance

Esophageal foreign bodies (EFB) are a common and potentially life-threatening emergency in small animal practice. They occur when ingested objects become lodged in the esophagus and fail to pass into the stomach. The esophagus lacks a serosal layer, making it particularly vulnerable to damage and having poor wound-healing properties. Early recognition and prompt intervention are critical to prevent severe complications including esophageal perforation, stricture formation, and death.

Esophageal foreign bodies are considered a medical emergency due to the substantial risk they pose to the esophageal mucosa. The degree of damage is influenced by the foreign body type, size, sharpness, and duration of lodgment. Understanding the anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of EFB is essential for the NAVLE and clinical practice.

Esophageal Anatomy and Pathophysiology

Esophageal Anatomy

The canine esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach. It is divided into three anatomical regions: cervical, thoracic, and abdominal. The entire canine esophagus is composed of two layers of striated muscle, unlike cats where the distal third contains smooth muscle.