NAVLE Endocrine

Canine Diabetes Mellitus Study Guide

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disorder in dogs characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and glucosuria resulting from an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin.

Overview and Clinical Importance

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disorder in dogs characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and glucosuria resulting from an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. The condition affects approximately 0.3-0.5% of the canine population and is one of the most frequently tested endocrine topics on the NAVLE.

Unlike cats, where Type 2 (insulin-resistant) diabetes predominates, most diabetic dogs suffer from insulin-deficient diabetes analogous to human Type 1 diabetes. This results from destruction of pancreatic beta cells through immune-mediated processes, chronic pancreatitis, or idiopathic mechanisms. Consequently, lifelong insulin therapy is the mainstay of treatment, and diabetic remission is rare in dogs.

Risk Category Breeds
HIGH Risk Samoyed (35x increased risk), Australian Terrier, Cairn Terrier, Yorkshire Terrier, Keeshond, Miniature Schnauzer, Miniature and Toy Poodle, Bichon Frise, Tibetan Terrier
MODERATE Risk Dachshund, Border Collie, Pug, English Setter, Beagle, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
LOW Risk Boxer (relatively protected), German Shepherd Dog, Golden Retriever, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Weimaraner

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Classification of Canine Diabetes

Canine diabetes is heterogeneous with multiple underlying pathological processes converging on insulin deficiency:

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