NAVLE Reproductive

Camelidae and Cervidae Uterine Torsion Study Guide

March 28, 2026 25 min read 25 views
Uterine torsion is the rotation of the gravid uterus along its longitudinal axis. In camelids (llamas and alpacas), uterine torsion is one of the most common causes of dystocia requiring veterinary intervention, accounting for approximately 38% of...

Overview and Clinical Importance

Uterine torsion is the rotation of the gravid uterus along its longitudinal axis. In camelids (llamas and alpacas), uterine torsion is one of the most common causes of dystocia requiring veterinary intervention, accounting for approximately 38% of cesarean sections. In cervids (deer and elk), dystocia is less common overall, but when it occurs, uterine torsion should remain a differential diagnosis. Understanding the unique anatomy and management of these species is critical for NAVLE success.

This condition presents a significant risk to both dam and offspring due to vascular compromise of the uterus leading to fetal hypoxia, uterine necrosis, and potentially maternal death if not corrected promptly.

Risk Factor Explanation
Rolling behavior Camelids frequently roll in dust or when placed in new environments; the unstable gravid uterus may rotate while the body moves
Large fetus Increased uterine weight creates greater instability; male fetuses may be larger
Right horn pregnancy Though rare (less than 2%), right horn pregnancies may have altered stability
Movement to new pen Moving pregnant females in the last 60 days of gestation increases risk due to stress and exploratory rolling
Overdue pregnancy Normal gestation is 335-360 days; prolonged gestation increases fetal size
Late gestation timing Two peak presentations: 8-10 months gestation and at parturition
Early Signs Progressive Signs Severe/Late Signs
Restlessness Decreased appetite Isolation from herd Frequent posturing to urinate/defecate Mild colic signs Kicking at abdomen Looking at flanks Repeated lying/rising Severe depression Complete anorexia Recumbency Signs of shock

Part 1: Uterine Torsion in Camelidae

Reproductive Anatomy Review

The reproductive tract of llamas and alpacas has several unique features that predispose them to uterine torsion:

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