Camelidae and Cervidae Angular Limb Deformities – NAVLE Study Guide

Overview and Clinical Importance

Angular limb deformities (ALDs) are common musculoskeletal conditions in New World camelids (llamas and alpacas) and cervids (deer, elk, moose). ALDs are defined as valgus (lateral or outward) or varus (medial or inward) deviations of a limb from the normal axis in the frontal plane. The deformity is named for the joint at which the deviation originates and the direction of the deviation (e.g., carpal valgus indicates lateral deviation centered at the carpus). These conditions are particularly important in camelids and cervids due to their economic and breeding value, and represent a significant topic on the NAVLE.

In camelids, ALDs occur regularly and are often bilateral, primarily affecting the forelimbs. The mild bilateral carpal valgus commonly observed in both llamas and alpacas may be perceived as normal by some owners, but represents a skeletal defect that should not be encouraged as an acceptable phenotypic trait. In cervids (deer family), ALDs occur similarly to other large animals and share comparable etiologies and treatment approaches with horses, cattle, and small ruminants.

Terminology and Classification

Key Definitions

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Classification by Cause

Angular limb deformities can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop after birth). Understanding the etiology is critical for determining appropriate treatment timing and modality.