Bovine Rectal Prolapse Study Guide

Overview and Clinical Importance

Rectal prolapse is a common gastrointestinal condition in cattle characterized by the protrusion of one or more layers of the rectum through the anus. This condition occurs when rectal tissue everts through the anal sphincter due to persistent tenesmus (straining) associated with intestinal, anorectal, or urogenital disease. Prolapse is classified as incomplete (mucosal only) or complete (all rectal layers). Without prompt intervention, the blood supply becomes compromised leading to tissue swelling, congestion, edema, and potentially necrosis with risk of peritonitis and death.

Rectal prolapse frequently occurs in young calves in association with severe diarrhea, tenesmus, and coccidiosis (Eimeria infection). In feedlot cattle, high-concentrate rations are commonly implicated. The condition requires immediate veterinary attention on the same day it is observed, as tissue condition deteriorates rapidly if left untreated.

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Rectal prolapse occurs due to increased intra-abdominal pressure or persistent straining that overcomes the muscular support mechanisms of the pelvis. The fundamental pathophysiology involves abnormal contraction of rectal muscles during straining on defecation, resulting in trauma and compression of the rectal wall against the anal canal.