Bovine Osteoarthritis Study Guide

Overview and Clinical Importance

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disease characterized by degradation of articular cartilage, subchondral bone changes, and soft tissue inflammation. In cattle, OA represents a significant cause of lameness that affects animal welfare, productivity, and economic outcomes. While noninfectious joint diseases are less frequently diagnosed than septic arthritis in cattle, they have substantial clinical importance, particularly in breeding bulls, dairy cattle, and valuable breeding stock.

Studies indicate that over 90% of steers may be affected by OA lesions, with the stifle joint being the most common site of involvement. The predilection sites in bovine stifle OA include the medial and lateral femoral condyles, the patellar groove, and the lateral trochlear ridge. Most lesions are bilateral, though they may present clinically as unilateral.

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Primary vs Secondary Osteoarthritis

Primary OA results from natural wear and tear on joints over time, typically seen in older animals. Secondary OA develops as a consequence of other joint pathology, including untreated or unsuccessfully treated sepsis, osteochondrosis, traumatic arthritis, cruciate ligament rupture, or meniscal injury. In cattle, secondary OA is more commonly recognized, particularly following osteochondrosis or trauma.